| 2026 №05 (01) |
DOI of Article 10.37434/as2026.05.02 |
2026 №05 (03) |
Журнал «Автоматичне зварювання», № 5, 2026, с. 10-21
Вплив легувальних елементів на структуру та властивості зварних з’єднань сталей високої твердості (Огляд)
В.А. Костін
, В.Д. Позняков, І.І. Алексеєнко, Т.О. Алексеєнко, О.С. Кушнарьова, О.М. Берднікова
ІЕЗ ім. Є.О. Патона НАН України. 03150, м. Київ, вул Казимира Малевича, 11.
E-mail: valerykostinepwi@gmail.com
У статті проводиться комплексний металознавчий аналіз броньових сталей високої (450…550 HB) та ультрависокої (> 600 HB) твердості. Основну увагу приділено вибору системи легування в залежності від товщини броньового листа (межа 20 мм) і твердості металу. Розглянуто механізми впливу хрому, кремнію та алюмінію на прогартовуваність, стабільність мартенситної структури та опір балістичному впливу. Окремий розділ присвячено процесам у зоні термічного впливу під час зварювання, аналізу формування «м’якого прошарку» та методам запобігання сповільненому руйнуванню. Порівняльний аналіз марок сталей США (стандарти MIL) та країн ЄС (Armox, Mars, Ramor) дає змогу виявити сучасні тенденції у проєктуванні захисту для легкої та важкої бронетехніки. Бібліогр. 40, табл. 2, рис. 3.
Ключові слова: сталі високої твердості, HHA, UHHA сталі, структура, метал ЗТВ, холодні тріщини, сповільнене руйнування, CCT-діаграми
Отримано 26.02.2026
Отримано у переглянутому вигляді 25.05.2026
Підписано до друку 30.09.2026
Оприлюднено 20.10.2026
Список літератури
1. Bhadeshia, H.K.D.K., Honeycombe, R.W.K. (2006) STEELS: Microstructure and Properties. 3rd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN: 978-0-750-68084-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-8084-4.X5000-62. Kostin, V.А., Poznyakov, V.D., Berdnikova, O.M. et al. (2021) Influence of structural transformations on the mechanical properties of welded joints of armor steels. Mater. Sci., 56(4), 472-480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-021-00453-1
3. Bandyopadhyay, P.S., Kundu, S., Ghosh, S.K. et al. (2011) Structure and properties of a low-carbon, microalloyed, ultra-high-strength steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 42, 1051-1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0523-9
4. MIL-DTL-46100E (2008) Military specification: Armor plate, steel, wrought, high-hardness. U.S. Department of Defense.
5. MIL-DTL-12560K (2013) Military specification: Armor plate, steel, wrought, homogeneous (For use in combat vehicles and for ammunition testing). U.S. Department of Defense.
6. Madhu, V., Bhat, T.B., Gupta, N.K. (2003) Normal and oblique impacts of hard projectile on single and layered plates an experimental study. Defence Sci. J., 53(2), 147-156. https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.53.2139
7. Bekci, M.L., Canpolat, B.H., Usta, E. et al. (2021) Ballistic performances of Ramor 500 and Ramor 550 armor steels at mono and bilayered plate configurations. Eng. Sci. Technol., Int. J., 24(4), 990-995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2021.01.001
8. Industeel (ArcelorMittal) (2023) Mars protection steels: Technical characteristics and ballistic performance. https://industeel.arcelormittal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/DS-PROTECTION-MARS-500-EN-23.pdf
9. Coufal, V., Křesťan, J., Vnouček, M. (2022) Ballistic resistance of ARMOX advance according to NATO standard AEP-55 STANAG 4569. IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1243, 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1243/1/012002
10. Bernatskyi, A.V., Berdnikova, O.M., Sydorets, V. (2021) Laser welding of stainless steel 321 in different welding positions. Solid State Phenomena, 313, 106-117 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.313.106
11. Magudeeswaran, G., Balasubramanian, V., Madhusudhan Reddy, G. (2008) Hydrogen induced cold cracking studies on armour grade high strength, quenched and tempered steel weldments. Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, 33(7), 1897-1908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.01.035
12. Abedini, A., Rastegary, H., Emam, S.M. (2022) Effect of quenching and partitioning process on the microstructure and tensile properties of medium carbon high silicon steel. J. Metall. Mater. Eng., 33(2), 59-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22067/jmme.2022.74973.1039
13. Kostin, V.A., Grigorenko, G.M., Poznyakov, V.D. et al. (2020) Structural transformations of the metal of heataffected zone of welded joints of high-strength armor steels. Mater. Sci., 55(6), 863-869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11003-020-00380-7
14. Zhao Zheng-zhi, Tong Ting-ting, Zhao Ai-min et al. (2014) Effect of Mn and Si on the microstructure and mechanical properties of medium manganese hot-rolled high-strength steel. Chinese J. of Engineering, 36(S1), 133-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13374/j.issn1001-053x.2014.s1.025'); ?>
15. Wen, H., Wang, Q., Dou, Y. et al. (2024) Comparison of strengthening mechanism of the Nb, V, and Nb-V micro-alloyed high-strength bolt steels investigated by microstructural evolution and strength modeling. Metals, 14(11), 1309. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14111309
16. Youssef, M., El-Shenawy, E.H., Khair-Eldeen, W. et al. (2023) The influences of Nb microalloying and grain refinement thermal cycling on microstructure and tribological properties of Armox 500T. Materials, 16(23), 7485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237485
17. Atapek, S.H. (2013) Development of a new armor steel and its ballistic performance. Defence Sci. J., 63(3), 271-277. https://doi.org/10.14429/dsj.63.1341
18. Kim, D.W., Kim, S., Yang, J. et al. (2022) Enhancement of ballistic performance enabled by boron-doping in subzero-treated (ferrite+austenite+martensite) triplex lightweight steel. Mater. Characterization, 190, 112021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112021
19. Yang, Y., Wang, X.-X., Qu, J.-B (2014) Effect of boron on CGHAZ microstructure and toughness of high-strength low-alloy steels. J. of Iron and Steel Research Intern., 21, 787-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(14)60142-4
20. Du,Y.-F., Lu, H.-H., Shen, X.-Q. (2022) Coupled effects of banded structure and carbide precipitation on mechanical performance of Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel. Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 832, 142478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.142478
21. Qian Yu, Yuliang Zhao, Feiyu Zhao (2025) Effect of austenitizing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of medium carbon spring steel. Mater. Letters: X, 26, 100251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlblux.2025.100251
22. Zhu, K., Shi, H., Chen, H. et al. (2018) Effect of Al on martensite tempering: Comparison with Si. J. Mater. Sci., 53, 6951-6967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2037-6
23. Souza, E.R.S., Weber, R.P., Monteiro, S.N. et al. (2021) Microstructure effect of heat input on ballistic performance of welded high-strength armor steel. Mater., 14, 5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195789
24. Hu, C., Lee, P., Chen, J. (2002) Ballistic performance and microstructure of modified rolled homogeneous armor steel. J. of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 25(1), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2002.9670684
25. Dolzhenko, A.S., Dolzhenko, P.D., Belyakov, A.N., Kaibyshev, R.O. (2021) Microstructure and impact toughness of high-strength low-alloy steel after tempforming. Phys. Metals Metall., 122, 1014-1022. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031918X21100021
26. Khan, W., Tufail, M., Chandio, A.D. (2022) Characterization of microstructure, phase composition, and mechanical behavior of ballistic steels. Mater., 15(6), 2204. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062204
27. Kononenko, G.A., Kimstach, T.V., Safronova, O.A., Podolskyi, R.V. (2023) Ways of increasing the stability and survival of rolled sheet made of armored steel (Overview). Fundamental and Applied Problems of Ferrous Metallurgy, 37, 447-464. https://doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2023-37-447-464
28. Magudeeswaran, G., Balasubramanian, V., Madhusudhan Reddy, G. (2008) Hydrogen induced cold cracking studies on armour grade high strength, quenched and tempered steel weldments. Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, 33(7), 1897-1908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.01.035
29. Savic, B., Cabrilo, A. (2021) Effect of heat input on the ballistic performance of armor steel weldments. Mater. (Basel), 14(13), 3617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14133617
30. Zavdoveev, A.V., Poznyakov, V.D. et al. (2020) Features of structure formation and properties of joints of S460M steel made by pulsed-arc welding. The Paton Welding J., 6, 9-13. https://doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2020.06.02
31. Suzuki, T., Teramoto, S., Neishi, Y. (2024) Effect of silicon addition on carbide transition in tempered martensite of middle carbon steels. ISIJ Intern., 64(2), 268-276. https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2023-165
32. Bailey, R.E., Swiatek, T.J. (2013) High hardness, high toughness iron-base alloys and methods for making same. U.S. Patent No. 8,444,776. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
33. Refaiy, H., El-Shenawy, E., Kömi, J., Ali, M. (2026) Strategic niobium integration and thermomechanical processing in the advancement of novel CMnSiAlPMo TRIP-aided bainitic steel. Sci. Rep., 16, 7509. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38448-0
34. Fras, T., Roth, C.C., Mohr, D. (2018) Fracture of highstrength armor steel under impact loading, Intern. J. of Impact Eng., 111, 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.09.009
35. Schick, R.E. et al. (2021) Increasing hardenability and hardness of quenching and tempering alloys by substituting chromium with manganese. Mater. Sci. Forum, 1016, 493-498. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1016.493
36. Yu, Q., Zhao, Y., Zhao, F. (2024) Influence of nickel on microstructure and mechanical properties in mediumcarbon spring steel. Mater., 17(10), 2423. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102423
37. Caballero, F.G., Bhadeshia, H.K.D.H., Mawella, K.J.A. et al. (2002) Very strong low temperature bainite. Mater. Sci. Technol., 18(3), 279-284. https://doi.org/10.1179/026708301225000725
38. Slyvins'kyy, О. A., Kvasnyts'kyy, V. V., Vladymyrskyi, I. A. et al. (2024) Effect of heat input during welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the heataffected zone of MIL-A-46100 armour steel. Metal. Advanc. Technol., 46(7), 663-677. https://doi.org/10.15407/mfint.46.07.0663
39. Edmonds, D.V., He, K., Rizzo, F.C. et al. (2006) Quenching and partitioning martensite - A novel steel heat treatment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 438-440, 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.02.133
40. Zhao, Y., Zheng, J., Chen, L., Liu, X. (2022) Static recrystallization behavior of low-carbon Nb-V-microalloyed forging steel. Metals, 12(10), 1745. https://doi.org/10.3390/met12101745
Ця стаття у відкритому доступі за Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International (CC-BY-NC).
Рекомендоване цитування
В.А. Костін, В.Д. Позняков, І.І. Алексеєнко, Т.О. Алексеєнко, О.С. Кушнарьова, О.М. Берднікова (2026) Вплив легувальних елементів на структуру та властивості зварних з’єднань сталей високої твердості (Огляд). Автоматичне зварювання, 05, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.37434/as2026.05.02Реклама в цьому номері:
