The Paton Welding Journal, 2008, №11

2008 №11 (06)

2008 №11 (08)

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The Paton Welding Journal, 2008, #11, 54-64 pages

Metallurgy of arc welding of structural steels and welding consumables

I.K. Pokhodnya

E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NASU. 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., 03150, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Abstract
Review is made of the results of investigations, carried out at the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, on the problems of metallurgy of arc welding of structural steels and development of welding consumables. Problems of arc stability and electrode metal transfer, evaporation of metal and slag, formation of aerosols, interaction of metal with gases and problems of porosity, modeling of interaction in multi-component systems, such as metal-gas, metal-gas-slag, chemical inhomogeneity, crystalline cracks, non-metallic inclusions in welds are described. Investigations of systems of alloying and prediction of weld metal microstructure were made, problem of formation of hydrogen-induced cold cracks in welded joints of high-strength low-alloy steels is elucidated. The achievements of the Institute in the development of new welding consumables are shown and the trends of future research works are outlined.
Keywords: metallurgy of arc welding, structural steels, welding consumables, weld, arc stability, welding aerosol, interaction of metal with gases, porosity, non-metallic inclusions, alloying systems, prediction of microstructure, hydrogen-induced cold cracks

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129. Pokhodnya, I.K., Shvachko, V.I., Utkin, S.V. (1998) Calculated estimation of hydrogen behaviour in arc discharge. Avtomatich. Svarka, 9, 4-7.
130. Shlepakov, V.N. (2005) Advanced methods for investigation, prediction and evaluation of properties of welding flux-cored wires. The Paton Welding J., 9, 10-12.
131. Shlepakov, V.N., Kotelchuk, A.S., Naumejko, S.M. et al. (2005) Influence of the composition of flux-cored wire core and shielding gas on the stability of arc welding process. Ibid., 6, 16-20.
132. Slepakov, V.N., Naumejko, S.M. (2005) Self-shielded flux-cored wires for welding low-alloy steels. Ibid., 4, 28-30.
133. Grigorenko, G.M., Golovko, V.V., Kostin, V.A. et al. (2005) Effect of microstructural factors on sensitivity of welds with ultra-low carbon content to brittle fracture. Ibid., 2, 2-10.
134. Pokhodnya, I.K., Golovko, V.V., Alekseenko, I.I. et al. (2004) Morphological peculiarities of microstructure of weld metal from low-alloy steels with ultralow content of carbon. Ibid., 7, 15-20.
135. Golovko, V.V. (2006) Influence of oxygen potential of welding fluxes on solid solution alloying in weld metal. Ibid., 10, 7-10.
136. Grabin, V.F., Golovko, V.V. (2007) Effect of distribution of manganese in structural components on properties of low-alloy weld metal. Ibid., 12, 19-22.
137. Golovko, V.V., Grabin, V.F. (2008) Effect of alloying of high-strength weld metal with titanium on its structure and properties. Ibid., 1, 13-17.
138. Grigorenko, G.M., Kostin, V.A., Orlovsky, V.Yu. (2008) Current capabilities of simulation of austenite transformation in low-alloy steel welds. Ibid., 3, 22-24.
139. Shvachko, V.I., Ignatenko, A.V. (2007) Model of transportation of hydrogen with dislocations. Ibid., 2, 24-26.
140. Ignatenko, A.V. (2007) Mathematical model of reversible hydrogen brittleness. Ibid., 8, 8-11.
141. Ignatenko, A.V. (2007) Mathematical model of transportation of hydrogen by edge dislocation. Ibid., 9, 23-27.
142. Makara, A.M., Lakomsky, V.I., Zhovnitsky, LP. (1958) Investigation of hydrogen distribution in welded joints of medium-alloy steels with austenitic and ferritic welds. Avtomatich. Svarka, 11, 23-29.
143. Makara, A.M. (1960) Study of nature of cold near-weld cracks in welding of hardening steels. Ibid., 2, 9-33.
144. Kasatkin, B.S., Musiyachenko, V.F. (1974) Mechanism of intercrystalline cold crack formation in near-weld zone of hardening steel welded joint. Problemy Prochnosti, 10, 3-9.
145. Pokhodnya, I.K., Demchenko, L.I., Paltsevich, A.P. et al. (1976) Kinetics of redistribution of diffusion hydrogen between weld and parent metal in arc welding. Avtomatich. Svarka, 8, 1-5.
146. Kasatkin, B.S., Brednev, V.I. (1985) Specifics of cold crack formation mechanism in low-alloy high-strength steel welded joints. Ibid., 8, 1-6, 18.
147. Kasatkin, B.S., Smiyan, O.D., Mikhailov, V.E. et al. (1986) Influence of hydrogen on susceptibility to crack formation in HAZ with stress concentrator. Ibid., 11, 20-23.
148. Kasatkin, B.S., Strizhuk, G.N., Tsaryuk, A.K. et al. (1990) HAZ structure and simulation of cold cracks in welding of medium-alloy steel. Ibid., 2, 1-5.
149. Mikhoduj, L.I., Melnik, I.S., Poznyakov, V.D. (1990) Resistance to delayed fracture of low-alloy welds in welding of high-strength steels with yield strength more than 600 MPa. Ibid., 2, 14-20.
150. Musiyachenko, V.F., Mikhoduj, L.I. (1990) Hydrogen in welding of high-strength steels and its effect on resistance of welded joints to cold crack formation. In: Problems of welding and special electrometallurgy. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.
151. Mikhoduj, L.I., Poznyakov, V.D., Melnik, I.S. (1991) Peculiarities of delayed fracture of 12GN2MFAYu steel with different concentration of impurities. Avtomatich. Svarka, 12, 6-20.
152. Pokhodnya, I.K., Shvachko, V.I., Upyr, V.N. et al. (1989) About mechanism of hydrogen effect on brittleness of metals. Doklady AN SSSR, 308(5), 1131-1134.
153. Pokhodnya, I.K., Shvachko, V.I. (1997) Physical nature of hydrogen induced cold cracks in structural steel welded joints. Avtomatich. Svarka, 5, 3-12.
154. Kasatkin, B.S., Mikhoduj, L.I. (1991) Influence of non-metallic inclusions and hydrogen on delayed fracture of alloy steel welded joints, ibid., 8, 1-6.
155. Kasatkin, B.S., Strizhuk, G.I., Brednev, V.I. et al. (1993) Hydrogen embrittlement and cold crack formation in welding of 25Kh2NMFA steel. Ibid., 8, 3-10.
156. Kasatkin, O.G. (1994) Peculiarities of hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steels in welding (Review). Ibid., 1, 3-7.
157. Tsaryuk, A.K., Brednev, V.I. (1996) Problem of cold crack prevention (Review). Ibid., 1, 36-40.
158. Pokhodnya, I.K., Shvachko, V.I. (1993) Effect of hydrogen on brittleness of structural steels and welds. In: Proc. of 8th Int. Conf. on Fracture (Ukraine, Kiev, June 1993). Lviv: PhMI, 585-586.
159. Shvachko, V.I. (1998) Studies using negative secondary ion mass-spectrometry: hydrogen on iron surface. Surface Sci., 411, 882-887.
160. Shvachko, V.I. (2002) Reversible hydrogen brittleness of bcc-alloys of iron-structural steels: Syn. of Thesis for Dr. of PhM Sci. Degree. Kharkiv.
161. Stepanyuk, S.M. (2001) Reversible hydrogen brittleness in welding of high-strength low-alloy steels: Syn. of Thesis for Cand. of Techn. Sci. Degree. Kiev.
162. Kostin, V.A. (2005) Influence of structure-phase composition of weld metal of low-alloy steels on stability of their mechanical properties at low-temperatures: Syn. of Thesis for Cand. or Techn. Sci. Degree. Kiev.
163. Golovko, V.V. (2006) Interaction of metal with slag during welding using agglomerated fluxes of low-alloy steels: Syn. of Thesis for Dr. of Techn. Sci. Degree. Kiev.
164. Pokhodnya, I.K., Suptel, A.M., Shlepakov, V.N. et al. (1980) Flux-cored wires for electric arc welding: Catalogue-Refer. Book. Kiev: Naukova Dumka.
165. Pokhodnya, I.K. (2003) Welding consumables: state-of-the-art and tendencies of development. In: Advanced mate¬rials and technologies. Kyiv: Akademperiodika.
166. (2005) Technologies. Materials. Equipment. In: Catalogue: Welding, cutting, surfacing, soldering, coating deposition. Kiev: PWI.
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Suggested Citation

I.K. Pokhodnya (2008) Metallurgy of arc welding of structural steels and welding consumables. The Paton Welding J., 11, 54-64.

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