The Paton Welding Journal, 2026, №07

2026 №07 (05)

DOI of Article 10.37434/tpwj2026.07.06

2026 №07 (07)

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The Paton Welding Journal, 2026, #7, 34-40 pages

Effect of aqueous environment on gas saturation of high-alloy deposited metal during wet underwater welding of duplex steels in sea water

G.V. Fadeeva¹, S.Yu. Maksymov¹, Jia Chuanbao², D.V. Vasiliev¹, A.A. Radziyevska¹, Han Yanfei²

¹E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NASU. 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., 03150, Kyiv, Ukraine. E-mail: maksimov@paton.kiev.ua
²Institute of Materials Joining, Shandong University MOE Key Lab for Liquid-Solid Structure Evolution and Materials Processing, Institute of Materials Joining, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China

Abstract
This study analyzes the factors that most significantly influence the gas saturation of deposited metal during underwater wet welding. It is shown that the oxygen and hydrogen content of the deposited metal depends on the potential content of gases introduced by the electrode materials and the base metal, on the process of water vapor dissociation in the vapor-gas bubble, and on the water salinity. Compared to welding in fresh water, as the water salinity increases to 30 ‰, the hydrogen content decreases, while the oxygen content increases. Subsequently, as the water salinity increases to 40 ‰, the hydrogen content of the deposited metal increases, while the oxygen content decreases for both DC reverse polarity and DC straight polarity welding. This dependence is more pronounced in DC reverse polarity welding. The highest hydrogen content is observed when welding in fresh water and in water with a salinity of 40 ‰. The lowest oxygen content of the deposited metal is obtained when welding in fresh water and in water with a salinity of 40 ‰. The oxidation potential of the aqueous environment is more than twice that observed during welding in air. The hydrogen content in underwater wet welding is also 2 to 2.5 times higher than in welding in air.
Keywords: duplex steels, underwater wet welding, high-alloy deposited metal, gas saturation, hydrogen and oxygen content, water vapor dissociation, water salinity, coated electrode, DC polarity

Received: 07.11.2025
Received in revised form: 23.01.2026
Accepted: 13.07.2026

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Suggested Citation

G.V. Fadeeva, S.Yu. Maksymov, Jia Chuanbao, D.V. Vasiliev, A.A. Radziyevska, Han Yanfei (2026) Effect of aqueous environment on gas saturation of high-alloy deposited metal during wet underwater welding of duplex steels in sea water. The Paton Welding J., 07, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2026.07.06

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