The Paton Welding Journal, 2025, №10

2025 №10 (02)

DOI of Article 10.37434/tpwj2025.10.03

2025 №10 (04)

---

The Paton Welding Journal, 2025, #10, 16-23 pages

Modern approaches to obtaining continuous cooling transformation diagrams for welding (Review)

V.V. Zhukov, V.A. Kostin, S.G. Hrygorenko, R.S. Gubatyuk

E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NASU. 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., 03150, Kyiv, Ukraine. E-mail: zhukov.kyiv@gmail.com

Abstract
The article presents a review of modern approaches to constructing CCT diagrams and special diagrams formed on the basis of the results of a dilatometric experiment for the analysis of structural-phase transformations in steels during cooling. The methodology of physical modeling of thermal cycles on Gleeble installations, as well as typical heating and cooling parameters, is considered. Special attention is paid to the influence of the cooling rate on the formation of the microstructure in the heat-affected zone of welded joints. Approaches using constant and variable (nonlinear) cooling modes are compared with an emphasis on their compliance with real welding conditions. The advantages of nonlinear thermal cycles for increasing the reliability of modeling and correctness of constructing CCT diagrams when assessing the weldability of steels are substantiated. alloys with variable thicknesses ranging from 45 to 65 mm while maintaining the same number of passes.
Keywords: physical modeling, phase transformations, microstructure, austenite, martensite, CCT and DCCT diagrams, Gleeble, welded joints

Received: 09.06.2025
Received in revised form: 08.08.2025
Accepted: 21.10.2025

References

1. Atkins, M. (1980) Atlas of continuous cooling transformation diagrams for engineering steels. Rev. U.S. Ed. Metals Park, Ohio, ASM International.
2. Seyffarth, P., Meyer, B., Scharff, A. (1992) Großer atlas schweiß‑ZTU‑Schaubilder. Düsseldorf, Deutscher Verlag für Schweißtechnik, DVS‑Verl.
3. Zhang, Z., Farrar, R. A. (1995) An atlas of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams applicable to low carbon low alloy weld metals. London, The Institute of Materials.
4. Kostin, V.A., Zhukov, V.V. (2021) Improvement of the procedure of analysis of thermokinetic diagrams of phase transformations in metal of high-strength low-alloy steel welds. Suchasna Elektrometalurhiya, 2, 40–46 [in Ukrainian]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37434/sem2021.02.06
5. (2023) ASTM A1033-18: Standard practice for quantitative measurement and reporting of hypoeutectoid carbon and low-alloy steel phase transformations. ASTM International. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/A1033-18R23
6. Li, H., Liang, J.-L., Feng, Y.-L., Huo, D.-X. (2014) Microstructure transformation of X70 pipeline steel welding heat-affected zone. Rare Metals, 33(4), 493–498. DOI: 10.1007/s12598-014-0344-x
7. Vimalan, G., Muthupandi, V., Ravichandran, G. (2018) Construction of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram using gleeble for coarse grained heat affected zone of SA106 grade B steel. In: Proc. of Conf. on AIP, 1966, 020013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5038692
8. Zheng, S., Wu, Q., Huang, Q., Liu, S., Han, Y. (2011) Influence of different cooling rates on the microstructure of the HAZ and welding CCT diagram of CLAM steel. Fusion Eng. and Design, 86, 2616–2619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2011.02.072
9. Wu, Q.-s., Zheng, S.-h., Huang, Q.-y., Liu, S.-j., Han, Y.- y. (2013) Continuous cooling transformation behaviors of CLAM steel. J. of Nuclear Materials, 442, S67–S70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.03.072
10. Kawulok, R., Schindler, I., Kawulok, P. et al. (2015) Effect of plastic deformation on CCT diagram of spring steel 51CrV4. In: Proc. of Conf. on METAL 2015, 345–350.
11. Ali, M., Kaijalainen, A., Hannula, J. et al. (2020) Influence of chromium content and prior deformation on the continuous cooling transformation diagram of low-carbon bainitic steels. Key Eng. Materials, 835, 58–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.835.58
12. Mishchenko, A., Scotti, A. (2021) Welding thermal stress diagrams as a means of assessing material proneness to residual stresse. J. of Materials Science, 56, 1694–1712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05294-y
13. Rosenthal, D. (1946) The theory of moving sources of heat and its application to metal treatments. Transact. of the American Society of Mechanical Eng., 68(8), 849–866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4018624
14. Roshan, R., Naik, A.K., Saxena, K.K., Msomi, V. (2022) Physical simulation on joining of 700MC steel: A HAZ and CCT curve study. Materials Research Express, 9(4), 046522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac6792
15. Rykalin, N.N. (1960) Calculation of heat processes in welding. In: 42nd Annual Meeting of the American Welding Society.
16. Lobanov, L.M., Kostin, V.A., Makhnenko, O.V. et al. (2020) Forecasting of structural transformations in HAZ steel of 15Kh2NMFA at anti‑corrosion cladding. Problems of Atomic Sci. and Technology, 126(2), 89–96. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.46813/2020-126-089

---

Suggested Citation

V.V. Zhukov, V.A. Kostin, S.G. Hrygorenko, R.S. Gubatyuk (2025) Modern approaches to obtaining continuous cooling transformation diagrams for welding (Review). The Paton Welding J., 10, 16-23.

---