The Paton Welding Journal, 2026, №01

2026 №01 (01)

DOI of Article 10.37434/tpwj2026.01.02

2026 №01 (03)

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The Paton Welding Journal, 2026, #1, 15-21 pages

Features of the influence of annealing of NaCl–Fe composite materials produced by EB-PVD

V.O. Osokin, G.G. Didikin, O.V. Gornostai, V.V. Grabin, V.V. Boretsky

E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NASU. 11 Kazymyr Malevych Str., 03150, Kyiv, Ukraine. E-mail: valent2002@ukr.net

Abstract
Microlayer composite materials (MLCMs) containing nanosized particles (NPs) of iron oxides were produced by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) in a vacuum. It is shown that annealing in vacuum and in air at 350 and 650 °C has a positive effect on the phase formation processes and particle size of the produced materials. Structural studies and phase analysis after vacuum and air annealing of NaCl–14 wt.% Fe MLCM at 350 °C revealed the process of crystallite growth in the layers with an average crystallite size of 13 nm and 6 nm, respectively, and the oxidation of the metal component of iron layers to Fe3O4 magnetite. Upon further heating to 650 °C in a vacuum, the average crystallite size of Fe3O4 magnetite increased to 34 nm, and during annealing in air, Fe3O4 magnetite was further oxidized to α-Fe2O3 hematite with an average crystallite size of 46 nm. The DLS study of the average size and distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles in Fe3O4(Fe2O3)–H2O colloidal systems at temperatures of 25, 40, 60, and 80 °C revealed a monomodal distribution of the NPs by size with a maximum on the distribution curve, the value of which depends on the measurement temperature and the state of the sample.
Keywords: EB-PVD method, NaCl–Fe microlayer composite materials, microstructure, phase composition, nanoparticles, iron oxide, annealing in vacuum and air

Received: 05.08.2025
Received in revised form: 17.09.2025
Accepted: 27.11.2025

References

1. Osokin, V.O., Stel'makh, Ya.A., Kurapov, Yu.A. et al. (2020) Features of oxidation and annealing of iron nanoparticles, obtained by the EB-PVD method on a rotating substrate. J. of Nano- and Electronic Physics, 12(4), 04001-1-04001-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.12(4)2020.04008
2. Litvin, S.E., Kurapov, Yu.A., Vazhnichaya, E.M. et al. (2020) EB-PVD synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and their biological activity. Suchasna Elekrometalurhuiya, 3, 54-61. https://doi.org/10.37434/sem2020.03.08
3. Kurapov, Yu.A, Osokin, V.O., Didikin, G.G. et al. (2021) Producing Fe-based nanoparticles in Na-Cl matrix by the method of EB-PVD on a rotating substrate. The Paton welding J., 2, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2021.12.07
4. Klabunde, K., Sergeev, G.V. (2013) Nanochemistry. Elsevier, 2nd Ed. https://www.elsevier,com/books/nanochemistry/klabunde/ 978-0-444-59397-9

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Suggested Citation

V.O. Osokin, G.G. Didikin, O.V. Gornostai, V.V. Grabin, V.V. Boretsky (2026) Features of the influence of annealing of NaCl–Fe composite materials produced by EB-PVD. The Paton Welding J., 01, 15-21.

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